Statistics Canada - Logging Industry

By Liliana Usvat    
Blog 348-365

Statistics Canada give a view about logging industry and ownership of the forests in Canada.

Forest area by classification (hectares)
Forest land	347,575,750
Other land with tree cover	8,498,940
Other wooded land	40,865,660
Total area	396,940,350
Forest area change (hectares, 2013)
Deforestation	45,800
Forest ownership
Provincial	76.6%
Territorial	12.9%
Private	6.2%
Aboriginal	2.0%
Federal	1.6%

Disturbance

Insects (hectares, 2013)
Area defoliated by insects and containing beetle-killed trees	20,129,334
Fires (2014)
Area burned (hectares)	4,563,848
Number of fires	5,127

Forest management

Harvesting (2013)
Area harvested (hectares)	738,836
Volume harvested (cubic metres)	152,076,000
Regeneration (hectares, 2013)
Area planted	387,395
Area seeded	10,492
Third-party certification (hectares, 2014)
Area certified	160,856,360
Protected forest (IUCN categories)
Ia Strict nature reserve	0.10%
Ib Wilderness area	1.90%
II Ecosystem conservation and protection	4.20%
III Conservation of natural features	0.50%
IV Conservation through active management	0.20%
V Landscape conservation and recreation	0.02%

Greenhouse gas inventory

For forest lands affected by land-use change (2013)
CO2e removals from the atmosphere due to afforestation (megatonnes)	0.6
CO2e emissions due to deforestation (megatonnes)	3.1
For managed forests (2013)
Area of managed forests (hectares)	232,000,000
CO2e net removals due to forest biomass and dead organic matter (megatonnes)	143.0
CO2e net emissions to the atmosphere (megatonnes)	-19.0

Domestic economic impact

Links: https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/statsprofile
Contribution to real GDP (constant 2007 dollars, 2014)
Forestry and logging industry	3,830,000,000
Pulp and paper product manufacturing industry	6,998,000,000
Wood product manufacturing industry	9,308,000,000
Total contribution to real GDP	20,136,000,000
Employment (number, 2014)
Labour Force Survey	232,700
Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours	185,659
Wages and salaries (dollars, 2012)	8,656,795,000
Capital expenditures (dollars, 2013)	2,173,700,000
Repair expenditures (dollars, 2012)	2,710,900,000
Revenue from goods manufactured (dollars, 2012)	53,159,908,000

Trade

Balance of trade (total exports, dollars, 2014)	20,713,209,235
Value of domestic exports (dollars, 2014)
Primary wood products	1,301,203,443
Pulp and paper products	16,839,424,399
Wood-fabricated materials	12,633,143,321
Total value of exports	30,773,771,163
Value of imports (dollars, 2014)
Primary wood products	474,245,946
Pulp and paper products	6,528,638,374
Wood-fabricated materials	3,057,677,608
Total value of imports	10,060,561,928

Mexican Trees The Cabbage Palmetto Palm used for Headaches, to lower fevers, Prostate

By Liliana Usvat    
Blog 347-365

The Cabbage Palmetto Palm, (English) Palmera Ornamental (Spanish), Sabal palmetto, Arecaceae Family. This beautiful Sabal palmetto has "fan" fond that form a rather ornamental overlapping pattern on its trunk as it is trimmed; such overlapping pattern allow the trunk to become a perfect site for wild orchids, ferns and bromeliads to grow and bloom.  Sabal palmetto trees can grow more than 20 meters tall; its yellow blooms have a rich nectar that attracts many bees and birds. 

The cabbage palm is so named, because the american indians cooked the interior of the palm growing stems into an edible dish tasting like cabbage. This palm tree is also native to the southeastern U.S. where it is known ad the sable palm tree. The palm is moderately cold hardy to survive temperatures (brief) of zero degrees F. and is popularly planted as a landscape tree.  

S. palmetto grows to a height of 10 – 25 m (32-82 feet), with a stem diameter of approximately 30 – 60 cm (12-24 inches). Leaves may measure up to 3 m (9.8 feet) in length. Fruits are small, measuring approximately 8 mm (1/3 inch) in width. Root systems are deeply penetrating, and may reach depths of 4.6 – 6.1 m  

During June and July, abundant, small (.5cm), fragrant, white flowers are borne upon drooping, branched cluster. The berry-like fruits are small (1.5cm), shiny and black. Each fruit contains one seed.

Reforestation using The Cabbage Plametto Palm
 
S. palmetto flowers from April through August, depending upon latitude. S. palmetto is insect pollinated. Fruit develops throughout the fall, and ripens in winter . Birds and small mammals that eat the fruit of this tree aid in seed dispersal. 

Optimum growth occurs in humid subtropical to warm temperate climates where average rainfall is 100 – 163 cm (39-64 inches), and average maximum/minimum temperatures range from –4 - 36° C (25-97 ° F). Northern growth is limited by low winter temperatures. Preferred soil type for S. palmetto is calcium rich, and neutral to alkaline in nature. Cabbage palms prefer poorly drained soils, and often grow at the edge of freshwater and brackish wetlands. This species tolerates flooding  

ENVIRONMENT: Brackish marshes, seacoast, woodlands or hammocks and sandy soils near the coast  

Uses
 
It is not without surprise that the palm also provides a substantial part of the diet of many animals including deer, bear, raccoon, squirrel, bobwhite, and wild turkey.  And while the S. palmetto may not make up much of the human diet, palms themselves are the third most important crop for humans. Cabbage Palms also like their feet dry so in swamps and other wet areas they are a signal for higher, dryer ground. Look for them when slogging through swamps. 

Medicinal Uses

The seeds and berries were used for headaches and to lower fevers.  

Native Americans used saw palmetto berries to treat impotence, inflammation of the prostate and bronchial congestion. In the 1800s, settlers made extracts to treat cystitis, gonorrhea and enlarged prostate.

 
In Germany, up to 95 percent of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia are first treated with an herbal extract from saw palmetto berries.

Sabal Palmetto is used as analgesic, febrifuge and dietary aid. Native Americans use the berries or the seeds of Palmetto to lower fever, to treat headache and grass sickness and for weight loss. 

Peruvian Pepper Tree Medicinal Uses for Lung Disease Ulcers, Sores Inflamations Hearth Problems

By Liliana Usvat    
Blog 346-365
 

Other Names

• escobilla,
• false pepper

Traditional Medicinal Uses: as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiseptic against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections; for Candida and yeast infections; to tone, balance, and strengthen heart function and as a heart regulator for arrhythmia and mild hypertension; to stop bleeding and heal wounds internally and externally

Suggested Use: Take 60 drops (2 ml) of a 1:4 tincture extract 2-3 times daily or as needed. Can also be used externally by applying to the skin twice daily and letting dry completely. As a gargle or mouth rinse, dilute 60 drops (2 ml) in a small amount of warm water and swish in mouth 2-3 times daily. To learn how to make your own extract, email me.

Traditional Preparation: The leaves are best prepared as an infusion, and the bark is best prepared as a decoction or an alcohol tincture. Generally, 1/2 cup of a bark decoction twice daily is used for colds, flu, sore throats and other upper respiratory infections; 2-3 ml of a 4:1 tincture taken two or three times daily can be substituted, if desired. This traditional remedy is also used as a heart tonic and for irregular heartbeat. A leaf decoction twice daily or as needed is generally used for menstrual disorders.

Contraindications: This plant has been documented with uterine stimulant and uterine antispasmodic actions in animal studies and should therefore not be used in pregnancy

WORLDWIDE ETHNO-MEDICAL USES
Argentina	for diarrhea, menstrual disorders, respiratory tract infections, inflammation, urinary tract infections, wounds
Brazil	for bronchitis, constipation, cough, cystitis, depression, diarrhea, eye diseases, fever, flu, gonorrhea, heart problems, hemorrhage, inflammation, menstrual disorders, respiratory tract infections, rheumatism, spasms, tumors, urethritis, urinary tract disorders, and as a astringent, stimulant, and tonic
Colombia	for diarrhea, lung diseases, rheumatism
Mexico	for asthma, bronchitis, cataract, colic, conjunctivitis, constipation, cough, digestive disorders, flu, foot fungus, gonorrhea, gum, mouth sores, rheumatism, sores (skin), stomachache, toothache, tuberculosis, tumors, ulcers, urogenital diseases, venereal disease, warts, wounds, and as an astringent
Paraguay	for gonorrhea, menstrual disorders, sores, urethritis, urinary insufficiency, wounds
Peru	for constipation, fevers, fractures, rheumatism, toothache, tumors, urinary insufficiency, warts, wounds, and as an antiseptic
South Africa	for arrhythmia, colds, cough, depression, gout, hypertension, inflammation, pain, rheumatism
Turkey	for constipation, coughs, excessive mucous, gonorrhea, urinary insufficiency, and as a digestive stimulant, and tonic
Uruguay	for menstrual disorders, rheumatism, wounds, and as an antiseptic
Elsewhere	for bronchitis, constipation, coughs, excessive mucous, edema, eye diseases, gingivitis, gout, hypertension, menstrual disorders, rheumatism, sores, swelling, urinary insufficiency, urogenital inflammation, venereal disease, viruses, and to stimulate digestion

This plant has a traditional use in South America for heart problems (hypertension and arrhythmia).

Main Actions

• antibacterial, 
• anticandidal,
•  antifungal, 
• antihemorrhagic (reduces bleeding), 
• cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart) 

Other Uses

The leaves are also used for the natural dying of textiles in the Andean region. This practice dates back to pre-Columbian times.

Use for Reforestation

The tree reproduces through seed, suckers and cuttings. Seeds have a particularly hard coat and germination rates are greatly improved after seeds have passed through the gut of birds or other animals. Seeds germinate in spring, with seedlings slow growing until established