Tuesday, October 21, 2014

Guerilla Gardening

By Liliana Usvat
Blog 246-365


Regardless of whether you are an urban, suburban, or rural dweller, there is inevitably a patch of neglected turf in your neighborhood that might need a bit of TLC to green it up. 

If you see hidden gardening potential between sidewalk cracks when others see decay and abandon, well then, you might be a budding guerrilla gardener and not even know it! The guerrila gardening phenomenon is sweeping the globe as folks are finding innovative ways to come together for the optimization of neglected land and paved surface area. It’s a turf war for some, a poetic gesture for others, but either way, citizens are rolling up their sleeves to create gardens in the most unlikely spaces.

History 




Liz Christy and the Green Guerrillas transformed an abandoned lot in NYC’s Bowery during the 1970′s, and the movement has gained momentum in recent years. Many “resistance gardeners” consider themselves to be vandals of sorts, but with plants or seeds as weapons; often operating covertly at night in empty lots or on public property that would otherwise remain barren.


Guerrilla gardening is simply defined by Richard Reynolds  as “the illicit cultivation of someone else’s land.” It is the practice of growing flowers or vegetables on what is usually public land. 

And here are some of the places Guerrilla Gardening is coming into its own across the world:  
Vancouver Canada

On a non descript spot of land between a warehouse and a busy street, young people are taking direct action to reclaim the earth for local food production. 
Until recently, the little strip of land in front of the Purple Thistle was unused grass surrounded by industrial landscape and heavy traffic. Now it’s a community garden, tended by young people who are in and out of the Thistle, a youth run centre.   
Sustainability is a key purpose for this garden.  In the limited amount of space given, it has an herb spiral, berry bushes, fruit trees, grains, greens and multiple other vegetables growing in it. There are also bees on the rooftop. 
The lighter side of the guerilla gardening campaign would probably be community gardens or grassroots gardening, which also brings folks together (during daylight hours) for neighborhood improvement and local food security. Whether as collective green graffiti or as an attempt to reclaim the neighborhood and make improvements for all, guerrilla gardening is a form of eco-activism that is catching on despite its controversial methods.

London England
“Holes Of Happiness some pothole gardens that have been popping up around East London.”
Guerilla Gardening: Strategies for Greening Up the Neighborhood
  • Bring in colour and fun 
  • Sow some sunflowers 
  • Plant food plants in random places 
  • Make it fun 
Some parts of London have a life-long waiting list for allotments. Little looked around and saw dust-blown pointless patches. “What is the point of this bit of grass?” Bingo. It was turned into their first allotments. It is about listening, working together, co-operation. 

Like all the sites on Reynolds’ "front line of guerrilla gardening", this roundabout is within a half-mile radius of his Elephant and Castle home. Known for its disastrous, large-scale town planning, this part of London is a fitting hub for small, human-scale and largely unplanned initiatives for shared public spaces, such as guerrilla gardening. This is anti-town planning in action, in the armpit of town planning.

Planting is the result of a hotchpotch of donated plants and cuttings.

New York USA
Not only do many of New York’s gardens provide fresh produce for lower income neighborhoods, but they also implement sustainable practices like composting and rainwater harvesting. Of the composting gardens, 13 percent accept organic materials from the general public, a service not provided by New York City’s sanitation department. Plus, it benefits the community by eliminating the need to purchase soil and chemical fertilizers.

A third of the gardens employ rainwater catchment systems that capture rain from rooftops and garden structures to water plants and prevent stormwater runoff. About 8 percent of gardens have greenhouses to grow produce year round, and a handful even have composting toilets. Others give back to the community by partnering with local schools or neighborhood groups — nearly half of the gardens work with schools to give kids a hands-on opportunity to learn about food and nature.
There were at least 490 community gardens throughout the city in 2009

Guerilla Gardening
 focuses on reclamation, beautification, and even growing food in public spaces (a political act in and of itself as we re-educate ourselves about viable land use, especially with the very real possibility of worldwide food shortages).
Los Angeles USA
In 2009 in Los Angeles and Long Beach, three guerrilla gardening groups have sprouted: Los Angeles Guerrilla Gardening (LAGG), South Central Resistance (SRC) and SoCal Guerrilla Gardening. 
Scott Bunnell, 49, creator of SoCal Guerrilla Gardening in Long Beach, is a 20-year experienced gardener. He remembers how his passion for guerrilla gardening started after he would see ideal vacant plots of land on his drive to work each morning. 
SoCal Guerrilla Gardening has planted new gardens in the Wrigley area of Long Beach and parts of Hollywood. Most of these plants used in these gardens have come from Bunnell’s own personal nursery. Once he weeds out his older and well-established gardens, little baby seedlings can be pulled out and potted up for another garden.
 His biggest garden located on Loynes Drive has gotten much neighborhood and media attention. Talks have begun with the Long Beach supervisor of City Maintenance about the installation of a sprinkler system. 
Links

Monday, October 20, 2014

Raisin Tree Medicinal Uses

By Liliana Usvat
Blog 245-365

Common Name: Raisin Tree, Japanese Raisin Tree, Oriental Raisin Tree
Scientific Name: Hovenia dulcis
Family: Rhamnaceae (the Buckthorn family)

















Description:
The Raisin Tree is a unique plant. The edible portion of the tree is not actually the fruit. The fruit itself is small, hard, pea-sized, and not edible. But the stem or stalk of the fruit, once the fruit is mature, will swell up and become gnarled. It is this fruit stalk, technically called a rachis, that is edible.

Flowering: Early Summer. Flowers are small but very numerous

Uses
  • Edible Fruit Stalk – Can be eaten raw or cooked. Reported to have a flavor similar to Asian Pears or candied Walnuts. The fruit stalks can be dried and then have a flavor and texture more like a raisin. (here is a fun article about cooking with the Raisin Tree)
  • Extract – An extract from the fruit stalks and other parts (young leaves and small branches?) is made in China. It is called “tree honey” and is used as a honey substitute. It is used for making sweets and even a type of wine!
  • Wildlife food for both birds and small mammals.
Medicinal Uses

There is some research to support that the antioxidants in this plant (hodulcine, ampelopsin, quercetin) has liver protecting and anti-inflammatory effects.
It provides superior antioxidant activity effect to world’s famous ‘manuka’ honey produced in New Zealand.
Reforestation

Drought Tolerant Plant 

Permaculture
A unique, large, fast-growing tree that bears sweet, edible peduncles tasting similar to a combination of raisin, clove, cinnamon and sugar & with medicinal properties!
Mature trees can yield 5-10 pounds of edible fruit stalks.
Tolerates light to medium shade, but fruits earlier and in larger quantity in full sun.

Friday, October 17, 2014

Lumber Industry

By Liliana Usvat
Blog 244-365

Canada

As part of its restructuring, the industry lost thousands of jobs which produced substantial gains in productivity. These gains have helped it maintain positive profit margins somewhat comparable, on average, to those reported in the manufacturing sector during the 1999 to 2005 period.

The value of lumber industry manufacturing shipments fell 14.9% in 2005 and 17.5% in 2006 to reach $11.9 billion. This was the lowest level in 14 years. 




USA

However, despite relatively steady production volume during the period, employment fell markedly starting in 2001. Presently there is a healthy lumber economy in the United States, directly employing about 500,000 people in three industries: LoggingSawmill, and Panel. Today, more than ever, many more workers rely on the industry for employment. Annual production in the U.S. is more than 30 billion board feet making the U.S. the largest producer and consumer of lumber. Despite advances in technology and safety awareness, the lumber industry remains one of the most hazardous industries in the world.
The United States remains the largest exporter of wood in the world. Its primary markets are JapanMexicoGermany, and the United Kingdom. Due to higher labor costs in the United States, it is common practice for raw materials to be exported, converted into finished goods and imported back into the United States.

More raw goods including logs and pulpwood chip are exported than imported in the United States, while finished goods like lumber, plywood and veneer, and panel products have higher imports than exports in the U.S.
As old-growth forest disappeared rapidly, the United States' timber resources ceased to appear limitless. Canadian lumberman James Little remarked in 1876 that the rate at which the Great Lakes forests were being logged was "not only burning the candle at both ends, but cutting it in two, and setting the match to the four ends to enable them to double the process of exhaustion."

China
 In the second half of 2008, China’s total log imports declined in 2009 to 28.1 million m3— a staggering 24% drop from 2007’s peak. Chinese log imports in 2010 are projected at about 31 million m3 — still some six million m3 below the peak level of 2007.

Softwood lumber exports from Russia have expanded, as have imports from Canada, the U.S., New Zealand and other regions. China’s growing demand for fibre is unlikely to be met by domestic and imported logs alone, and has therefore created a huge opportunity for lumber imports.
Chinese lumber imports are projected to double over the next five years to 12 billion bf or more simply to meet China’s growing appetite for wood fibre.

During the first eight months of 2012, Russia, Chile and New Zealand have increased their shipments to China, while volumes from North America have declined.  China imported logs and lumber worth 4.3 billion dollars.

Russia
Exact statistics are not available for Eastern Siberia, but logging pressures are clearly centered around the forests west and east of Lake Baikal, a World Heritage site and one of Russia's ecological crown jewels (For information about illegal logging along the shore of Lake Baikal, see FSF-5).

 50 per cent of total timber harvest in the Primorsky Region may be illegal and therefore not reflected in official statistics.

A 2001 assessment by the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis found the stock of "mature and overmature" forests (essentially conifers) in the RFE decreased from 7.1 billion cu. m in 1961 to just 5.5 in 2000.

When compared with the structure of the present-day industry, the Soviet era timber industry was more balanced. In 1989, in the Russian Far East, almost half of all timber production was used regionally, while 25 per cent was sent to other regions of the former Soviet Union, and 30 per cent was exported abroad. Processed timber (sawn wood, plywood, etc) accounted for 20 per cent of the region's total timber production [5]. Today, processed timber is just 7% of total production and the region now exports more than 70% of its total harvest.

Argentina
 It is also estimated that the consumption of wood products from cultivated forests is 5.3 million cubic meters, and sustainable wood supply to the year 2015 will be more than 20 million cubic meters. Argentina, however, is not a major consumer of wood products. For instance, wood is not commonly used in building construction. About 60 to 70 percent of wood product production is used for internal consumption (wood boards, plywood, cellulose pulp, etc.) and the rest for exports.

The forestry industry does not supply all of Argentina’s needs. Most of the harvest is used for lumber, with smaller amounts for firewood and charcoal. 

An estimated 1.115 million hectares (2.8 million acres) were planted as of 2005. It is estimated that this year, between 40,000 to 50,000 hectares (100,000 to 124,000 acres) will be cultivated mainly in the Mesopotamia region (the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, and Entre RĂ­os). Among the most important species cultivated in the country are pines and eucalyptus, representing 50 and 30 percent of production, respectively.

Japan
Japan is the world's largest importer of wood, pulp, and paper products that are traded on the world market. Thus, Japan's impact is felt in many countries around the world, including the USA, Canada, Russia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, Chile and many others. About one third of all logs exported from Malaysia and Russia, plywood from Indonesia and sawn wood from Chile are destined for Japan. Almost all of the woodchip exported from Australia, the USA and Chile is also headed to Japan.

Outside Japan, Japanese timber and trading corporations are known for their devastating logging techniques and their violation of community rights to resources. For example, in 1990 the Japanese paper company Daishowa blatantly disregarded the Lubicon Lake Indian Nation's land rights in Alberta, Canada and began clear-cutting the forests of the Lubicon territory.
Japan's forests cover 66% of the land, making it one of the most heavily forested countries in the world. However, after liberalizing timber import in 1960, the Japanese wood self-sufficiency rate has consistently decreased from 86.7% to 19.2% in 1999. The Japanese forest industry has been defeated by cheap wood shipped from abroad. The cheap price, however, does not include environmental costs.

Links