Friday, June 13, 2014

Medicinal Trees Kola (Cola nitada, C. acuminata)

By Liliana Usvat
Blog 206-365


Have you planted a tree in your life?
What about this year?
Have you considered a fruit tree in your vicinity, or in your back yard?

Do you get a lift from a carbonated soda? The large kola trees of tropical West Africa, the West Indies, and South America are responsible. Their dried seeds, which contain much caffeine, provide the stimulant in some medicines. But they also provide an energizing ingredient in many soft drinks.

Kola nut is a caffeine-containing nut of evergreen trees of the genus Cola, primarily the species Cola acuminata and Cola nitida.

Medicinal Uses

  • Chewing kola nut can ease hunger pangs. Kola nuts are often used to treat whooping cough and asthma.
  • The caffeine present acts as a bronchodilator, expanding the bronchial air passages.
  • Phosphorus: A study on the mineral content of kola nut (Cola nitida) suggested that Cola nitida has a high content of phosphorus (411.43mg/kg); theoretically, concurrent use may increase levels of phosphorus in the blood. 
  • : , kola nut may interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • Dietarypotassium: A study on the mineral content of kola nut (Cola nitida) suggested that Cola nitida has a high content of potassium (3,484.67mg/kg) (22); theoretically, concurrent use may increase levels of potassium in the blood.
  • Sedatives- kola nut may cause insomnia, anxiety, and nervousness. Preliminary research reported prolonged sleep latencies and suppression of REM and stages 3 and 4 sleep
  • Ma huang- a combination of ma huang and kola nut may have additive weight loss effects 
  • Hormonal agents : Animal research has demonstrated that stem bark from Cola nitida decreased gonadotropin release, both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), causing ovulation . Another animal study on the pituitary cells of rats demonstrated that Cola nitida inhibited LH release and had no effect on either FSH or rat pituitary cells. According to animal evidence, Cola nitida may compete with natural estrogen and/or progesterone by binding to steroid receptors   
  • Antineoplastics: Kola nut has been shown to contain phytoestrogenic compounds that may dose-dependently exert cytotoxic effects against breast cancer cells in vitro

History

The use of the kola nut, like the coffee berry and tea leaf, appears to have ancient origins. It is chewed in many West African cultures, individually or in a social setting, to restore vitality and ease hunger pains. Kola nuts are an important part of the traditional spiritual practice of culture and religion in West Africa, particularly Nigeria.

 Kola nuts are used as a religious object and sacred offering during prayers, ancestor veneration, and significant life events, such as naming ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. They are also used in a traditional divination system called Obi divination. For this use, only kola nuts divided into four lobes are suitable.
 
They are cast upon a special wooden board and the resulting patterns are read by a trained diviner. This ancient practice is currently enjoying increased growth within the United States and Caribbean.

In the 1800s, a pharmacist in Georgia, John Pemberton, took extracts of kola and coca and mixed them with sugar, other ingredients, and carbonated water to invent the first cola soft drink. His accountant tasted it and called it "Coca-Cola". Cocaine (not the other extracts from the Peruvian coca leaf) was prohibited from soft drinks in the U.S. after 1904, and Coca-Cola no longer uses kola nor cocaine in its original recipe.
 

Curiosities

Kola nut consumption was compared to alcohol consumption for its potential neural effects.
Cola acuminata and Cola nitida and crude extract of kola nut may stimulate gastric acid secretion

Thursday, June 12, 2014

Forest and Peace

By Liliana Usvat
Blog 205-365

If we could superpose the map of the countries that have the most forests, those that are more active in deforestation process and the countries that are at peace we could see an interesting facts.


Countries with the most green space are more paceful.

Think of the countries that are at war. When you think of them what color you associate with those countries?

Could be a connection?

Respect for the environment attracts respect for other human beings, respect for women and children.
It is possible that forests bring more peace to the regions that have them?

What is the cause and what is the effect? Loss of forest bring poverty droughts or poverty bring forest destruction and wars. We are talking about the average person in an area not few that have too much.

We can start small plant few tree every year. Your grandchildren will see the result of your actions.

When you travel pay attention how much forest you see.

Links:
http://www.iisd.org/wcfsd/currentforests.htm

http://gizmodo.com/5875194/all-the-worlds-wars-and-conflicts-coming-in-2012

Wednesday, June 11, 2014

Edible Forest Garden - Temperate Climate Permaculture Forest

By Liliana Uvat
Blog 204-365

Edible Forest Gardening

Edible forest gardening is the art and science of putting plants together in woodlandlike patterns that forge mutually beneficial relationships, creating a garden ecosystem that is more than the sum of its parts. You can grow fruits, nuts, vegetables, herbs, mushrooms, other useful plants, and animals in a way that mimics natural ecosystems. You can create a beautiful, diverse, high-yield garden.

If designed with care and deep understanding of ecosystem function, you can also design a garden that is largely self-maintaining.

Design

Traditional agriculture involves 10% planning and 90% work.  Permaculture involves 90% planning with intelligent design and 10% work to implement the design and then much less work in maintanence.

Permaculture

Permaculture is theory of design which uses biological and ecological systems as models to create permanent and sustainable agricultural systems.

Permaculture  is Consciously designed landscapes which mimic the patterns and relationships found in nature, while yielding an abundance of food, fibre and energy for provision of local needs.’ People, their buildings and the ways in which they organise themselves are central to permaculture. Thus the permaculture vision of permanent or sustainable agriculture has evolved to one of permanent or sustainable culture.

History

The word permaculture was coined by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in the mid-1970’s to describe an integrated, evolving system of perennial or self-perpetuating plant and animal species useful to man.

Plants are categorized by their place in the Forest Garden

Tall Trees Layer

Typically over 30 feet (~9 meters) high. This layer is for larger Forest Gardens. Timber trees, large nut trees, and nitrogen-fixing trees are the typical trees in this category. There are a number of larger fruiting trees that can be used here as well depending on the species, varieties, and root  stocks used.
  • Alder (Alnus species)
  • Apple (Malus domestica or pumila)

  • Cherry, Black (Prunus serotina)
  • Cherry, Sweet (Prunus avium)

  • Cherry, Tart (Sour) (Prunus cerasus)
  • Chestnut (Castanea species)
  • Lime, Linden, & Basswood (Tilia species)
  • Hazelnuts or Filberts (Corylus species)
  • Juniper (Juniperus species)
  • Monkey Puzzle Tree (Araucaria araucana)
  • Mulberry (Morus species: M. nigra, M. rubra, M. alba)
  • Oak (Quercus species)
  • Pears, Asian (Pyrus species)
  • Pecans and Hickories (Carya species)
  • Persimmon (Diospyros species: D. kaki, D. lotus, D. virginiana)
  • Walnut (Juglans nigra and Juglans regia)
  • Walnut - Other species (J. cinerea, J. ailantifolia var. cordiformi, J. x bixbyi)
Tall Shrubs

Typically 10-30 feet (3-9 meters) high. In most Forest Gardens, or at least those with limited space, these plants often make up the acting Canopy layer. The majority of fruit trees fall into this layer.
  • Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas)
  • Elderberry (Sambucus species)
  • Jujube (Ziziphus zizyphus or jujuba)
  • Medlar (Mespilus germanica)
  • Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)
  • Pears, Asian (Pyrus species)
  • Plum (Prunus subgenus Prunus species)

  • Quince (Cydonia oblonga)
  • Sumac (Rhus species)
 Shrub Layer

Typically up to 10 feet (3 meters) high. The majority of fruiting bushes fall into this layer. Includes many nut, flowering, medicinal, and other beneficial plants as well.
  • Aronia or Chokeberry (Aronia species)
  • Blueberries (Vaccinium species)
  • Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea species)
  • Elderberry (Sambucus species)
  • Goji Berry (Wolfberry) (Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense)
 
  • Gooseberries (Ribes uva-crispa)
  • Goumi (Elaeagnus multiflora)
  • Nanking Cherry (Prunus tomentosa)
  • Roses - An Introduction to Rose Types (Rosa species)
  • Roses - Rosa rugosa (Rosa rugosa)

  • Salal or Shallon (Gaultheria shallon)
  • Saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia)
  • Sea-Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)
 Herbaceous Layer

Plants in this layer die back to the ground every winter... if winters are cold enough, that is. They do not produce woody stems as the Shrub layer does. Many cullinary and medicinal herbs are in this layer. A large variety of other beneficial plants fall into this layer.
  • Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
  • Borage (Borago officinalis)
  • Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
  • Comfrey (Symphytum asperum)
  • Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
  • Good King Henry (Chenopodium bonus-henricus)
  • Hollyhock (Alcea rosea)
  • Horseradish (Amoracia rusticana)

  • Lupine (Lupinus species)
  • Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
  • Plantain (Plantago species)
  • Ramps (Allium tricoccum)
  • Rhubarb (Rheum species)
  • Sorrel (Rumex species)
  • Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
  • Yarrow (Achillea species)
Climber Layer

These vining and climbing plants span multiple layers depending on how they are trained or what they climb all on their own. They are a great way to add more productivity to a small space, but be warned. Trying to pick grapes that have climbed up a 60 foot Walnut Tree can be interesting to say the least.
  • Hops (Humulus lupulus)
  • Kiwi - Tropical and Hardy (Actinidia deliciosa, A. arguta, A. kolomikta)

  • Malabar Spinach (Basella alba, Basella rubra)
  • Maypop (Passiflora incarnata)

  • Wisteria (Wisteria species)
Ground Cover Layer

There is some overlap with the Herbaceous layer and the Ground Cover layer; however plant in this layer are often shade tolerant, grow much closer to the ground, grow densely to fill bare patches of soil, and often can tolerate some foot traffic.
  • Aronia or Chokeberry (Aronia species)
  • Creeping Blueberry (Vaccinium crassifolim)
  • Groundcover Raspberry (Rubus nepalensis, R. pentalobus, R. tricolor)
  • Juniper (Juniperus species)
  • Lupine (Lupinus species)
  • Mint (Mentha species)

  • Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
  • Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
  • Rhubarb (Rheum species)
  • Salal or Shallon (Gaultheria shallon)
  • Sorrel (Rumex species)
  • Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
  • Wild Angelica (Angelica silvestris)
  • Yarrow (Achillea species)
 Underground Layer

These are root crops. There are an amazing variety of edible roots that most people have never heard of, but I hope to introduce them to you here.
  • Groundnut (Apios americana 
  • Skirret (Sium sisarum)